First Anglo-Afghan War, 1839-1842

During the nineteenth century, two large European empires vied for dominance in Central Asia. In what was called the Great Game, the Russian Empire moved south while the British Empire moved north from its so-called crown jewel, colonial India. Their interests collided in Afghanistan, resulting in the First Anglo-Afghan War of 1839 to 1842. Background to the First Anglo-Afghan War In the years leading up to this conflict, both the British and Russians approached Afghanistans Emir Dost Mohammad Khan, hoping to form an alliance with him. Britains Governor-General of India, George Eden (Lord Auckland), grew extremely concerned with he heard that a Russian envoy had arrived in Kabul in 1838; his agitation increased when talks broke down between the Afghan ruler and the Russians, signaling the possibility of a Russian invasion. Lord Auckland decided to strike first in order to forestall a Russian attack. He justified this approach in a document known as the Simla Manifesto of October 1839. The manifesto states that in order to secure a trustworthy ally to the west of British India, British troops would enter Afghanistan to support Shah Shuja in his attempts to retake the throne from Dost Mohammad. The British werent invading Afghanistan, according to Auckland—just helping out a deposed friend and preventing foreign interference (from Russia). The British Invade Afghanistan In December of 1838, a British East India Company force of 21,000 mainly Indian troops began to march northwest from Punjab. They crossed the mountains in the dead of winter, arriving at Quetta, Afghanistan in March of 1839. The British easily captured Quetta and Qandahar and then routed Dost Mohammads army in July. The emir fled to Bukhara via Bamyan, and the British reinstalled Shah Shuja on the throne thirty years after he had lost it to Dost Mohammad. Well satisfied with this easy victory, the British withdrew, leaving 6,000 troops to prop up Shujas regime. Dost Mohammad, however, was not ready to give up so easily, and in 1840 he mounted a counter-attack from Bukhara, in what is now Uzbekistan. The British had to rush reinforcements back into Afghanistan; they managed to capture Dost Mohammad and brought him to India as a prisoner. Dost Mohammads son, Mohammad Akbar, began to rally Afghan fighters to his side in the summer and autumn of 1841 from his base in Bamyan. Afghan discontent with the continued presence of foreign troops mounted, leading to the assassination of Captain Alexander Burnes and his aides in Kabul on November 2, 1841; the British did not retaliate against the mob that killed Captain Burnes, encouraging further anti-British action. Meanwhile, in an effort to soothe his angry subjects, Shah Shuja made the fateful decision that he no longer needed British support. General William Elphinstone and the 16,500 British and Indian troops on Afghan soil agreed to begin their withdrawal from Kabul on January 1, 1842. As they made their way through the winter-bound mountains toward Jalalabad, on January 5th a contingent of Ghilzai (Pashtun) warriors attacked the ill-prepared British lines. The British East India troops were strung out along the mountain path, struggling through two feet of snow. In the melee that followed, the Afghans killed almost all of the British and Indian soldiers and camp followers. A small handful was taken, prisoner. The British doctor William Brydon famously managed to ride his injured horse through the mountains and report the disaster to British authorities in Jalalabad. He and eight captured prisoners were the only ethnic British survivors out of about 700 who set out from Kabul. Just a few months after the massacre of Elphinstones army by Mohammad Akbars forces, the new leaders agents assassinated the unpopular and now defenseless Shah Shuja. Furious about the massacre of their Kabul garrison, the British East India Company troops in Peshawar and Qandahar marched on Kabul, rescuing several British prisoners and burning down the Great Bazaar in retaliation. This further enraged the Afghans, who set aside ethnolinguistic differences and united to drive the British out of their capital city. Lord Auckland, whose brain-child the original invasion had been, next concocted a plan to storm Kabul with a much larger force and establish permanent British rule there. However, he had a stroke in 1842 and was replaced as Governor-General of India by Edward Law, Lord Ellenborough, who had a mandate to restore peace to Asia. Lord Ellenborough released Dost Mohammad from prison in Calcutta without fanfare, and the Afghan emir retook his throne in Kabul. Consequences of the First Anglo-Afghan War Following this great victory over the British, Afghanistan maintained its independence and continued to play the two European powers off of each other for three more decades. In the meantime, the Russians conquered much of Central Asia up to the Afghan border, seizing what is now Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. The people of what is now Turkmenistan were the last vanquished by the Russians, at the Battle of Geoktepe in 1881. Alarmed by the tsars expansionism, Britain kept a wary eye on Indias northern borders. In 1878, they would invade Afghanistan once again, sparking the Second Anglo-Afghan War. As for the people of Afghanistan, the first war with the British reconfirmed their distrust of foreign powers and their intense dislike of foreign troops on Afghan soil. British army chaplain Reverand G.R. Gleig wrote in 1843 that the First Anglo-Afghan War was begun for no wise purpose, carried on with a strange mixture of rashness and timidity, [and] brought to a close after suffering and disaster, without much glory attached either to the government which directed, or the great body of troops which waged it. It seems safe to assume that Dost Mohammad, Mohammad Akbar, and the majority of Afghan people were much better pleased by the outcome.

Copper and the Human Body - 851 Words

Copper is present in body tissue in trace amounts, but the highest amount is found in the liver, followed by the brain, kidney and heart. An adult body contains around 100 mg of copper3.It usually bound to protein complexes; 95% of blood plasma copper is bound to ceruloplasmin, while the rest is bound loosely to other blood proteins such as albumin, transcuperin, and amino acids. However, for a given ceruloplasmin concentration in healthy people, the total copper concentration is varying by 50  µg/dL (8  µmol/L)17. It is recommended to have adequate copper intake, which ranges between 0.34 mg/day for 1-3 years old to 0.90 mg/day for adults18. Beef liver is considered the richest dietary source of copper. Some beans, nuts, and legumes are particularly high in copper, such as cashews, sunflower seeds, and cooked lentils. Dark chocolate and enriched cereals and rice would also help add copper to diet. Absorption of copper occurs in its ionic form in the small intestine and, to a limited extent, in the stomach. However, intestinal absorption of copper limited by other metal ions like zinc and cademium, and sulfide ions19,20. The presence of some amino acids and ascorbic acid in the intestine also lower the absorption of copper21,22. Absorbed copper carried in the blood by different transport proteins such as ceruloplasmin, albumin and transcuprein and/or histidine23. Once it is in the blood, it is distributed in two stages; in the first stage, most taken up by liver and kidney;Show MoreRelated Copper Essay1069 Words   |  5 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Weil 1 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Copper is one of the earliest elements known to man. Because of its distinct red color, Copper is very easily identified. In the ancient times, copper could be found lying in the ground in its unattached state without interaction to other substances. 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Discussion already existing. The fish cadmium levels were lower than the WHO

Marketing Strategy Plan and Orientation

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Strategy Plan and Orientation. Answer: Introduction: Myer is one of the most recognized organizations present in Australia that is known for retailing huge range of products, including clothes and apparels, footwear as well as accessories, furniture, toys, and many more (MYER, 2016). Established in the year of 1900, the organization has come a long way in evolving itself to become one of Australias most popular department stores. Myer, headquartered at Melbourne, has gradually expanded itself, and has diversified its business as well, that in turn has fetched it huge organizational success. However, just like any other organization, Myer is also encountering a tough competition from other rival giant organizations, and hence it adopts as well as continually re-evaluates the effective strategies undertaken to survive in a competitive market ("MYER", 2016). It is needless to say that Myer has already succeeded in establishing itself as a renowned organization, yet it must be able to sustain itself in future. Myer already has got new comp etition knocking at its doorstep, and with Woolworths or David Jones, it is left with no option other than employing a market plan that will help it enhance its profit, and enjoy competitive advantage over other firms. As part of its marketing strategy, Myer has to create products that best suits their consumer demands, and at the same time has to promote its products, so as to enhance and further develop the brand reputation of the organization. The following report aims to discuss and critically analyze the marketing strategy as well as marketing issues adopted and encountered by Myer. Discussion: Myer is a departmental store, and as such it offers a huge range of products and services to its consumers. However, as an organization it must be very careful of what is it producing, and how far the products offered, are being able to satiate the demand of the consumers. Consumer Demand and Market Orientation of Myer: Consumer satisfaction is one of the major determinants of the success of an organization, as only if an organization is capable of fulfilling the demands of the consumers, an organization will be able to flourish itself in future. With the growing trends, and the emergence of a variety of new departmental stores, an organization will necessarily need to identify its target market, understand the pattern of the consumer behavior, and improve its service accordingly. The major problem with Myer has been that in the recent years, the organization has miserably failed to critically respond to the consumer expectations (Kumar et al., 2013). The current CEO of Myer, Richard Umbers, was found to admit that the organization has failed to bring about a transformational change in the marketing experience. While most of the international brands, such as Macys and John Lewis, are smoothly conducting their business via virtual platforms, Myer has been a failure in embracing online shopping method in the accurate way. The organization, according to Umbers, has been slow and reluctant in adopting innovative changes in the virtual marketing strategy, because it believed that online sale accounts for only 10% of the total retail sale of an organization. However, this is a mere delusion, as it is worth-mentioning here, that John Lewis has already been selling 25% of its goods with the help of internet only. While most of the international counterparts of Myer have been successful in tempting the consumers to try out their exclusive stock via online platforms, the cyberspace of Myer has been warning the consumers that its online platform offers only a limited range of products. It is noteworthy that Macys has claimed that 89% of the growth in its sales has come from nowhere but its online sites only (Goodman Remaud, 2015). The clicking and collecting strategy is not only very much in vogue, but is also highly useful and convenient a method, consumers are opting for. Although, My ers also offers goods via online stores, it is far from being convenient, as the Australian store usually offers ordered goods only after four to seven working days, and most shockingly, in case of the Western part of Australia, the goods cannot be delivered before 10 days. The delay in shipping can push a huge number of consumers away from the organization. Multinational organizations such as John Lewis are offering freight service to ensure comfortable, convenient shopping experience, and hence Myer also needs to make its online sites more effective. Pricing Strategy of Myers The importance of pricing strategy can never be overemphasized in business. It is pointless to state that if an organization like Myers is speeding towards enhancing its revenue, and regaining its position, it must be able to adopt an effective pricing strategy. The management authority of Myers has rightly realized that if it continues with higher price strategy, it may end up suffering from low sale rate. Hence, the organization has rightly adopted the competitive pricing policy (Kumar et al., 2013). As a result of this strategy, if an Australian rival organization is offering any product at a cheaper cost than its counterpart in Myers, and if the store member of Myers, is able to verify the fact, then Myer will Price Match it. The strategy has enabled the organization offer goods at a highly competitive price that in turn can help in enjoying competitive advantage over other organizations. Again, apart from selling its products at reasonable prices, this strategy is also helping M yers to gain recognition among the masses, as an organization that does not overcharge from the public (Abhayawansa Guthrie, 2014). Competitive Forces Challenging the Position of Myers It has to be remembered that Myer operates in a highly competitive retail market in Australia, and if the organization fails to adopt the effective strategies, it can get negatively impacted by some of the most powerful domestic as well as international entrants of the market (Hingley et al., 2015). Myer has gained considerable popularity in market, especially because of its wide range of clothing and apparel collection, and hence the organization should be more focused to boost the sale of its clothes and dress products. The organization has recently adopted a strategy whereby Myer is able to offer highly fashionable, well-designed clothes at highly affordable rates. These clothes fall under a mid-market banner, and as a result, although the clothes are highly fashionable, these are surely affordable to a majority of the consumers. However, it is to be noted that despite the desperate efforts of Myer to regain its position, the organization is suffering from flat sales, ultimately l eading the organization lose its market value before the shareholders (Goodman Remaud, 2015). Figure 1: Myers Share Price Going Down Source: ("MYER", 2016) As it can be understood from the above graph, the value of the organization has been continually going down, as Myers, at present, is finding it tough to survive in the retail market of Australia. One of the major reasons why the organization is suffering from challenges in the retail market of Australia is that it is failing to establish its own identity, by selling its own brand. The very reason why organizations, such as Hennes Mauritz or Aldi are swiftly flourishing is because these organizations are selling home brands (Andrews, 2014). Myer is required to build its own brand, and it needs to sell its own products. Myer is assuming the role of a landlord whereby it is renting out space to other brands, and in the process it is more likely to end up as a shopping mall inside a shopping mall. It should start manufacturing its own products only, and it should sell the same in its departmental stores, as it will help it in building a stronger brand image and reputation. Major Competitive Issues Faced by Myer However, the organization at present is all set to boost its sales, as the CEO Umbers claimed that the organization is all set to boost its sale growth greater than 3% between the period of 2016 to 2020 ("MYER", 2016). Hence, for this reason, the organization has adopted an effective strategy that can help them offer better consumer satisfaction. Keeping this in consideration, the organization has not only invested a lump sum amount for Omni channel, but it has also started investing for providing the consumers with free Wi Fi and digital hubs in many of its stores. The organization needs to improve the consumer experience, and for that, it is not sufficient for Myer to open up a virtual selling platform (Armstrong et al., 2013). The organization needs to offer a highly integrated, multi-channel service to the consumers, so that the consumers can easily enjoy the re-development of the digital as well as online offers via its e-commerce site. The organization, keeping in mind the rece nt drop in sales, also needs to create consumer loyalty programs that will help the company retain its old consumers, while drawing the attention of the new ones. Providing free delivery to the consumers, on online purchase of products can be a discreet way of increasing consumer loyalty (Westcott Pendleton, 2013). Segmenting and Targeting Issues Faced by Myer Besides, in order to survive in the highly competitive market of todays world, an organization has to improve the quality of its service. However, Myer is one important example of a traditional Australian retailer that has failed to adopt innovation. As a result, it is terribly failing to provide high quality service or product information to the consumers (Cumming Johan, 2016). A major problem here is that Myer has failed to divide the consumer market according to demographic, psychographic or product use (Cross et al., 2015). The organization comes up as just another departmental store, which does not target or segment the market according to the demographic or lifestyle lines. For example, Zara has a definite targeted consumer market, and it produces most of its products targeting the 20 to 35 year old people. In absence of any such specific target market, Myer is losing out as it is not capable of enticing a particular section of consumers (Azizul Islam Jain, 2013). It has to b e remembered that targeting and positioning plays an extremely an important role. In case Myers fails to know what their consumers want, and when, the organization soon will be replaced by the emerging international retailers. Importance of Market Research to Prosper in Future: The major problem that Myers is facing is that it is gradually losing its relevance in the present market, and hence it is required to update itself according to the choice and expectations of the consumers (Vernon, 2012). The management authority, for this reason, must undertake market research, in order to understand its target market. In this context, it is noteworthy that the organization has already undertaken a few market research programs, with the purpose of identifying its key consumers (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2013). According to the Roy Morgan Data, the Australia retail market has mainly three kinds of consumers- high value consumers, who are very much brand conscious, fashion forward consumers who are known for leading the fashion pack, and those consumers who are willing to buy products at a highly affordable rate. Myers needs to produce its products, especially the garments, keeping in mind the needs of the three classes of consumers. The organization, at present is primar ily focused on selling branded products, the price of which is relatively higher (Chimhundu et al., 2015). Instead of promoting and selling other brands, the organization should focus on manufacturing and selling its own brands. It has to be remembered that due to high unemployment rate in Australia the country is facing an economic downturn that in turn has led to weak consumer sentiment (Andrew, 2015). The Australian retail landscape has undoubtedly changed in the recent few years. At present, the number of impulsive consumers has disastrously gone down, as nowadays, the consumers take time, compare prices, and then choose. The economic downturn and high rate of unemployment have greatly influenced the purchasing decision of the consumers, and hence the retail business of Myers will face a miserable end, if it does not engage in multichannel marketing, and invent new business models (Cleaver et al., 2015). Recommendations: As it is known, the target market of Myers has always been middle and upper middle class consumers of Australia, however if the organization is willing to flourish in future, it must learn how to expand and develop in other countries as well. Global presence is very important, as it will not only increase the scope of serving greater number of consumers, but will also help the organization in enhancing the brand recognition of the company as well (Tung Carlson, 2015). There is a variety of foreign retail stores in Australia which are dominating the retail sector, and since Myers is encountering much competition from them, it will be a discreet decision for the organization to merge with them. This tie up will not only help the organization in retaining its position in the retail market, but it will also need to establish its identity in foreign locations as well (Sutton-Brady et al., 2015). There is a variety of restrictions and government regimes that act as a strong impediment for the swift growth of Myers. For example, one major impediment is faced by Myers, because of the regulations on trading hours it is practically impossible for the organization to serve the consumers as per their convenience (Adhikari et al., 2016). Hence, the organization is likely to lose its position to the online retailers, until and unless it ensures digital success in its retail activities. Myers will be required to adopt a more consumer-oriented approach, whereby it would be able to serve the consumers via online as well as mobile channels. Again, in order to serve the consumers in a satisfactory way, the organization needs to challenge the traditional concept of digital market, and must introduce the idea of channel hopping, whereby a consumer can buy online, but at the same time he can be offered the option of trying out the product in the offline store, before making the payment (Shafritz et al., 2015). Myers is definitely making a huge progress with the introduction of seve ral attractive features to its online stores, such as gift voucher and wish list for the consumers. However, the organization should focus more on the problem of the underdeveloped distribution channel, as the organization serves only a few locations in Australia. Geographic expansion is much needed, if Myer wants to emerge as one of the most recognized departmental stores of Australia (Lessard et al., 2013). Conclusion: Myers has a huge prospect to flourish in future, and yet the organization must be very aware of the threats that may impede its growth. First of all, the entrance of a few reputed retail stores in Australia, is posing a serious threat to the existence of the organization. Hence, the organization must geographically expand itself, and enter into partnership with the recognized foreign retail brands, if it is willing to retain its position in near future. Amidst the economic slowdown and high unemployment rate, the organization will need to diversify its products and services, instead of sticking to the common retail products. Online and offline stores should be well-integrated, and the organization must move from a channel choice to a channel co-ordination strategy. It is needless to mention that Myers is already enjoying a strong brand presence and reputation in the Australian retail market, and hence with the help of innovative business model, and consumer-focused service, the organ ization can regain its position in no time. Reference List Abhayawansa, S., Guthrie, J. (2014). Importance of intellectual capital information: a study of Australian analyst reports. Australian Accounting Review, 24(1), 66-83. Adhikari, B., Duval, R., Hu, B., Loungani, P. (2016). Can Reform Waves Turn the Tide? Some Case Studies Using the Synthetic Control Method. Andrews, M. (2014). Leading on the edge. Australia's Paydirt, 1(213), 50. Armstrong, R. W., Stening, B. W., Ryans, J. K., Marks, L., Mayo, M. (2013). International marketing ethics: problems encountered by Australian firms. Asia Pacific International Journal of Marketing. Azizul Islam, M., Jain, A. (2013). Workplace human rights reporting: a study of Australian garment and retail companies. Australian accounting review, 23(2), 102-116. Chimhundu, R., McNeill, L. S., Hamlin, R. P. (2015). Manufacturer and retailer brands: is strategic coexistence the norm?. Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ), 23(1), 49-60. Cleaver, M., Jo, M. S., Muller, T. E. (2015). Individualist vs. Collectivist Cultures: Shopping for Prestige in Australia. In Proceedings of the 1998 Multicultural Marketing Conference (pp. 530-534). Springer International Publishing. Cross, J. C., Belich, T. J., Rudelius, W. (2015). How marketing managers use market segmentation: an exploratory study. InProceedings of the 1990 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 531-536). Springer International Publishing. Cumming, D., Johan, S. (2016). Ventures economic impact in Australia. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 41(1), 25-59. Czinkota, M. R., Ronkainen, I. A. (2013). International marketing. Cengage Learning. Goodman, S., Remaud, H. (2015). Store choice: How understanding consumer choice of whereto shop may assist the small retailer. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 23, 118-124. Hingley, M., Lindgreen, A., Grant, D. B. (2015). Intermediaries in power-laden retail supply chains: An opportunity to improve buyersupplier relationships and collaboration. Industrial Marketing Management, 50, 78-84. Kumar, V., Sharma, A., Shah, R., Rajan, B. (2013). Establishing profitable customer loyalty for multinational companies in the emerging economies: a conceptual framework. Journal of International Marketing, 21(1), 57-80. Lessard, D., Lucea, R., Vives, L. (2013). Building Your Companys Capabilities Through Global Expansion.MIT Sloan Management Review,54(2), 61. Minahan, S. M., Huddleston, P., Behe, B., Fernandez, R. T. (2013). Conducting field research in retail stores: A meandering path to a successful research project. The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, 23(2), 189-203. MYER. (2016). www.myer.com.au. Retrieved 26 August 2016, from https://www.myer.com.au Shafritz, J. M., Ott, J. S., Jang, Y. S. (2015).Classics of organization theory. Cengage Learning. Sutton-Brady, C., Kamvounias, P., Taylor, T. (2015). A model of supplierretailer power asymmetry in the Australian retail industry. Industrial Marketing Management, 51, 122-130. Tung, B., Carlson, J. (2015). Examining determinants of cross buying behaviour in retail banking. International Journal of Quality Reliability Management, 32(8), 863-880. Vernon, P. (2012). Shopping Towns Australia. Fabrications, 22(1), 102-121. Westcott, M., Pendleton, A. (2013). Private equity and labour management in Australia: The case of Myer. Journal of Industrial Relations, 55(5), 723-742.

Rise In The Context Of Globalization Essays - Capitalism

Rise In The Context Of Globalization Rise in the Context of Globalization We have stepped into the age of globalization. Like anything new, globalization is double-sided. On the one hand, globalization is brewing new changes so fast in so many fields that many challenges and opportunities are presented to us. On the other hand, instead of spreading wealth around, globalization and its current macro-economic policies have brought Asian countries a strong negative impact, such as the financial crisis and unemployment. The Asian woman is the most direct victim. Before many people overcome their future shock aroused by globalization, some Asian women have already risen to the positive and negative challenges of globalization, and they have become role models for a new generation in the context of globalization. Globalization is characterized by the worldwide development of technology and economy to make the whole world into a global village. This knowledge-based context underscores the importance of education. The Asian woman has realized it and striven for the same right to receive education. At school, female students work on the same subjects in the same class as male students do. They, together with men, learn advanced mathematics, physics, economy, politics, and sociology. As smart as men, the Asian woman has demonstrated the same capability in learning. Because it is really uneasy to get the precious opportunity of receiving education like men, the women work very hard. They get scholarships and win prizes in various academic contests that reward intelligence and diligence. In addition, because of globalization, the world is becoming smaller and smaller, which makes overseas education easier than ever before. So some Asian women not only break away from their traditional household duties, but also tend to leave their own country and set foot on foreign soil. They begin to seek overseas education. With education, domestic and overseas alike, the Asian woman has become broad-minded and better equipped. They are able to go with the tide of globalization and cope with the rapidly changing world successfully. Through education, the Asian woman has mastered skills that are necessary in modern society. For example, the Asian woman learns communication skills in class. And when they step into society, they have opportunities to communicate with various people, other than their family members, thereby improving their communication skills. Therefore, women prove competent in the management of departments, such as, human relations, PR and marketing. However, among these skills is the computer skills, especially the familiarity with Internet. Globalization cannot stand alone without Internet. The networking is going on internationally in all fields, ranging from economy to politics, and from science to art. To survive in the context of globalization, it is a prerequisite for the Asian woman to achieve a good command of Internet knowledge. Computer is a compulsory course where women learn to surf on line, receive and send e-mails, and even carry out e-commerce. By Internet, they keep well-informed of the latest development of the outside world and manage to hold an invincible position, regardless of the fast paces of modern life. What is more, Internet helps the Asian woman rise to the negative challenges of globalization. It is this burgeoning industry that makes it possible for the Asian woman to blaze new careers, especially when the Asian financial crisis occured. Women were the hardest hit during the financial crisis. They are the last to be hired and the first to be fired. And now, they are forced into unprotected economic positions where social security and other benefits do not apply to them. Fortunately, Internet opens up a new world of possibilities. Propelled out of the regular job market, many smart and talented women turn to the IT industry, mainly involving the Internet. In the field of the Internet, gender and old-boy networks matters less. Of course, to survive the negative challenges of globalization by blazing new careers, the Asian woman needs both courage and aggressive spirit. Recently in China, Shen Yuming, a middle-aged woman, after she was laid off in the Asian crisis, has employed some laid-off women and set up an Internet company of her own. The company acts as go-between for job hunters and recruiters from companies. These strong-minded and hard-working women are carrying out their business enthusiastically,

Symbolism in Hawthorne’s “Young Goodman Brown Essays

Symbolism in Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown Essays Symbolism in Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown Paper Symbolism in Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown Paper Symbolism plays a major role in the message that Nathaniel Hawthorne aims to convey in his story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†. Hawthorne made use of symbolic situations which represents a corrupt and masked society that is still applicable in the present time. In this story, Hawthorne narrates a seemingly dreamlike experience of Goodman Brown in the midst of an evil ritual in the woods where he and his wife attempted to participate in. Brief Summary of Young Goodman Brown Young Goodman Brown is a recently married man who goes out for the night after bidding goodbye to his dear wife, Faith. He tries hard to push away his guilt of pursuing an evil plan while he leaves her that evening by promising to make it up to her someday. As he goes through the dark forest wondering if the devil is just around, he becomes hesitant in furthering his plan on joining some mysterious people in an evil ritual somewhere deep in the forest. Upon explaining why he was late to a decently dressed man because his wife kept him back, they are accompanied by another traveler whose age he reckon to be about fifty. He notices the remarkable serpent-like staff of the first man who addressed him. Upon meeting the other people who would join them, he is surprised to find out that most of the upright and holy people in his neighborhood are present; the woman who taught him catechism, the minister, Deacon Gookin, and the most surprising of all- his wife! He finds out that Faith is the reason why the ritual is initiated. He realizes that he had lost his Faith so he resolves in pursuing his original plan and be converted to evil like the rest of them. However, as Goodman Brown and Faith approach the altar to be anointed by the evil blood, Goodman Brown orders Faith to look up to heaven and resist the evil. As soon as the words leaves his mouth, he finds himself alone in the woods wondering if he had just dreamt the ritual. He comes back to his neighborhood a changed man. He becomes distrustful and doubtful of his wife and neighbors even to the day he died. Symbolisms The story itself is the entire representation of a hypocritical society. It is already a symbolism that further emphasizes the hypocrisy of Puritanism. It is clear that Hawthorne aims to criticize puritan society most especially the time of the Salem Witch Trials where almost twenty alleged witches were hanged with spectral evidence as the only proof. Like Goodman Brown, Hawthorne is believed to have also doubted the nature of sin in the society. Most probably, it is his way to push away the guilt when he found out that he is a descendant of one of the major persecutors in the witch trials. The story also contains some biographical elements where the devil reminds him, â€Å"I helped your grandfather, the constable, when he lashed the Quaker woman so smartly through the streets of Salem† (Hawthorne 113). The story seems to be a full representation of the author’s view about a strict puritan society. Moreover, the setting of the story is also quite symbolic as the initial part of the story describes Goodman Brown entering a dark forest where the witches gather at Sabbath. Hawthorne’s description of the dark and gloomy forest indicates that a dark critical turning point in his life is about to happen. â€Å"The darkness is not only physical, it is satanic† (Crowley 68). The story also symbolizes man’s struggle to avoid temptation by the devil. By the use of spectral evidence, Hawthorne is able to covey the idea that the devil could be lurking in the shadows even of the finest men (Reis 200). When Goodman Brown finds out that the most religious people in his neighborhood are actually members of the ritual in the forest, he realizes how evil can come in many deceptive forms. This realization leads him to his misery because of his inability to identify if his experience is merely a dream or a frightful reality. Goodman Brown can be considered a real good man before the encounter in the woods. He is considered to be good to his wife and he loves her dearly. He even refers to her as, â€Å"My love and my Faith† (Hawthorne 111) and hesitates to go on further with the meeting, â€Å"What a wretch am I to leave her on such an errand! She talks of dreams, too. Methought as she spoke there was trouble in her face, as if a dream had warned her what work is to be done tonight. . . † (Hawthorne 111). However, the goodness and naivete within him is altered when he discovers respectable and supposedly holy people are part of the evil ritual. This shows Hawthorne’s attitude towards highly religious people such as the early Puritans. It means that not all religious people are holy, and sometimes, they are just posing hypocrisy to redeem themselves. Even the name of his wife, Faith, symbolizes the things that he had lost upon full realization of evil in his neighborhood. He loses his wife, Faith, when he sees her in the woods and he also loses his spiritual faith towards goodness. â€Å"The story is not about the evil of other people but about Browns doubt, his recovery of the possibility of universal evil† (Levin 121). Conclusion Young Goodman Brown might probably just pass as a short ordinary story that involves supernatural encounters. While it is true that is merely fictional and not to be taken seriously in reality, it consists of symbolisms which are important to take into account. It consists of political and religious symbolisms which are indirectly told by the author to allow the readers to shape their own interpretation by themselves. Obviously, the story include more significant and in-depth matters in life than what is initially conveyed to be unrealistic and superficial. Crowley, Joseph Donald. Nathaniel Hawthorne. London: Taylor Francis, 1971. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. â€Å"Young Goodman Brown. † Young Goodman Brown and Other Tales. Ed. Brian Harding. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. 111–123. Levin, David. â€Å"Shadows of Doubt: Specter Evidence in Hawthornes ‘Young Goodman Brown’. † On Hawthorne: The Best from American Literature. Eds. Edwin Harrison Cady and Louis J. Budd. United States of America: Duke University Press, 1990. 114-122. Reis, Elizabeth. Damned Women: Sinners and Witches in Puritan New England. New York: Cornell University Press, 1997.

Country Analysis of Luxembourg essays

Country Analysis of Luxembourg essays The purpose of this essay is to discuss the history, economy and politics of Luxembourg. First I will start by briefly discussing the history of Luxembourg and the recent economic trends and political structure of Luxembourg. Then I will discuss the countrys attitude towards integration and whether it was a good idea for them to join the Euro, and finally conclude with my own views of Luxembourg and Europe. I have been asked to write this essay by my lecturer and this is to be submitted by the 19th April 2002. Background on the economics and politics of Luxembourg Luxembourg has shown an outstanding performance in terms of growth and virtually all other macroeconomic indicators in the last decade. It is the smallest, but by far the richest country in Europe. Unemployment is virtually non-existent at less than 2% and its government, alone in the EC, does not need to borrow to cover expenditures. In the last decade Luxembourgs economic growth factors which generated the constant improvement in the standard of living over a century and a half are quite specific. The origin of the incipient industrial development lies in a single sector, the steel industry. However, the country outpaced all other EC countries with a growth rate of 4.1%. From 1989, the inflationary trends resumed, with petroleum products again contributing to this. The trend in consumer prices hence exceeded 3% until 1993. Although in 1992 and 1993 Luxembourgs performance does not seem to be as satisfactory as that of some of its partners, this is attributable above all to the effects of the adaptation of indirect taxes to the Community standards which started in 1992 with the first adjustment of the VAT rates. The adaptations of the thresholds laid down by the EU in the indirect taxation field having been accomplished, the inflation rate fell again to 2.2% in 1994. At the end of 1994, Luxembourg is in the second position among the EU ...

To Build a Strong Brand within the Fashion Industry Literature review

To Build a Strong Brand within the Fashion Industry - Literature review Example Strong brand provides intangible value to the companies those results in the enhanced productivity, profitability and better relationship with the customers. (Pride, and Farrel, 2011, p. 351) This is probably the reason due to which many of the marketing gurus believe often say that product are manufactured in the factories, but brand are built in the minds’ of the customers. Reason Building strong brand in the fashion industry benefits the marketers in several ways such as reducing the issues related to the price sensitivity, increasing market share revenue, and brand equity and customer loyalty (Admedia, 2007, p.1) Benefits of Branding Branding helps both the buyers and the sellers. From the perspective of a buyer branding helps the buyers to identify the products that the buyers like or dislike; it helps the buyers to identify the desired marketer; Branding helps the buyers to properly evaluate the quality of the products; Branding helps the buyers to reduce the risks relat ed to purchase (Stafford and Faber, 2005, p. 139). From the perspective of the sellers branding helps the sellers to differentiate the offerings from that of the competitors; Branding also helps the sellers in market segmentation via creation of tailored made images, e.g. contact lenses is to Fast track; Brand helps the companies to reduce price competition that in leads to reduction of chances of price wars; Branding helps the marketers to launch new product that may carry the name of one or more products. This technique is well known as brand extension. This helps the company to reduce the risks related to introduction a new product; successfully... From this research it is clear that branding helps both the buyers and the sellers. From the perspective of a buyer branding helps the buyers to identify the products that the buyers like or dislike; it helps the buyers to identify the desired marketer; Branding helps the buyers to properly evaluate the quality of the products; Branding helps the buyers to reduce the risks related to purchase. From the perspective of the sellers branding helps the sellers to differentiate the offerings from that of the competitors; Branding also helps the sellers in market segmentation via creation of tailored made images, e.g. contact lenses is to Fast track; Brand helps the companies to reduce price competition that in leads to reduction of chances of price wars; Branding helps the marketers to launch new product that may carry the name of one or more products. This technique is well known as brand extension. This helps the company to reduce the risks related to introduction a new product; successf ully brand building exercises helps the company to increase brand loyalty; Branding also help the marketers to charge premium prices for a particular brand. A part from the core benefits successful brands also help the companies to deliver added value Such added values help the brand to differentiate the products from that of the competitors. I practices properly brands can help the customers recognize the added value which may lead the customers to make the final purchase. A consumer may be looking for assurance of quality under probable circumstances where the customers are not sure about the final purchase decision.